Introduction

Understanding the demographics of Central New York can help us better work to address our region’s changing and diversifying needs.

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Central New York residents are thought to skew older, as many young people leave for warmer climates or to seek career opportunities. In reality, local indicators point to a median age of 36-43 in the region’s counties. By examining the average ages of our residents, we can estimate future needs for adequate eldercare and housing as they grow older.

The primary languages spoken in our region are heavily influenced by our growing refugee population. In the past decade Onondaga County welcomed over 10,000 refugees, and the region continues to invite more. With this population comes unique challenges – from language barriers to school readiness. But with it also comes economic development and enhancements to our neighborhoods’ cultural fabric.

These demographic indicators point to the uniqueness of the local population and can be used to influence planning for the services residents may need today and tomorrow.

Demographics

Age Distribution by Gender - Onondaga County

Age Distribution by Gender - Madison County

Age Distribution by Gender - Oswego County

Age Distribution by Gender - Cayuga County

Age Distribution by Gender - Cortland County

Age Distribution by Gender - Syracuse

Age Distribution by Gender - Oneida

Age Distribution by Gender - Oswego City

Age Distribution by Gender - Auburn

Age Distribution by Gender - Cortland City

Living Arrangements of Children - Onondaga County

Living Arrangements of Children - Madison County

Living Arrangements of Children - Oswego County

Living Arrangements of Children - Cayuga County

Living Arrangements of Children - Cortland County

Living Arrangements of Children - Syracuse

Living Arrangements of Children - Oneida

Living Arrangements of Children - Oswego City

Living Arrangements of Children - Auburn

Living Arrangements of Children - Cortland City

Let's Break It Down

Our youngest cohorts are concentrated in cities.

Central New York’s youngest populations reside in the region’s metropolitan areas. In Syracuse, males and females aged 25-29 are the largest age group, with females outnumbering males by about 200 people. The City of Cortland also has a large gender gap among young people, with more females aged 18-21 than males, which may be due in part to college enrollment.

In Central New York counties there are large populations of older adults ages 60 to 78, many of whom are part of the Baby Boom generation. Madison and Cayuga Counties tend to have older populations, with the majority of residents aged 40 or older. Cortland, Onondaga, and Oswego Counties have relatively younger populations. All counties have a large gender gap among the oldest age categories (70+), with females outnumbering males.

Across the region, the vast majority of children live with one or two working parents. About 44 percent of children live with two working parents, 22 percent live in a working single mother, and only 9 percent live in a home where only the father is working (per 2022 data). However, when you look at the cities in the region, living arrangements look different. For example, children in Syracuse, Oswego, and Auburn are more likely to be living with working single mothers than with two working parents.

Why Does It Matter?

Understanding demographics help us understand community needs.

A region’s demographics can help illustrate its changing and diversifying needs while shedding insight on the make-up of individuals and populations within a community. The study of age distribution and gender data can influence planning for policy initiatives, housing, schools, and health systems.

For example, knowing there are growing numbers of older adults in a community could help determine need for community programs that serve this population. Demographic information is always helpful in tailoring outreach messages and service offerings.

Aging populations can sometimes be correlated with a feeling of decline in an area, as it signals a population decrease. A younger population can bring vibrancy and innovation, leading to the growth and success of a community. This highlights the importance of ensuring cultural and economic opportunities are available to motivate our youth to stay and energize the region.

The high number of working single parents across the region may point to services needed by this population, such as affordable, high-quality child care. Knowing the gender breakdown can help people understand the need for services such as support groups for single moms and dads.

Languages

Languages by Area - Onondaga County

Languages by Area - Madison County

Languages by Area - Oswego County

Languages by Area - Cayuga County

Languages by Area - Cortland County

Languages by Area - Syracuse

Languages by Area - Oneida

Languages by Area - Oswego City

Languages by Area - Auburn

Languages by Area - Cortland City

Let's Break It Down

Languages spoken represent the diversity of the region.

Although English is the main language spoken throughout Central New York, many residents speak more than one language.

Following the national trend, the second most commonly-spoken language in the region is Spanish, which was the language spoken at home by over 17,000 Central New Yorkers in 2022. The third largest category is comprised “other Indo-European languages” such as Italian, Portuguese, or Nepali, which are spoken by approximately 8,310 people in the region. As the map above shows, clusters of French, German, and other European language speakers can be found throughout the region’s rural counties.

Arabic speakers can be found throughout the region, with most living in Onondaga County. Arabic is an official language of many countries including Somalia, Sudan, and Syria. Between 2007 and 2016, Somalian and Syrian refugees were some of the most represented in Onondaga County. In recent years, more refugees have arrived from the Democratic Republic of Congo, where French is spoken. In Syracuse the number of refugees arriving each year has been declining since 2016 due to factors such as federal policy and the COVID-19 pandemic, hitting its lowest point in 2021. However, in 2022 refugee admissions began to increase again, and Central New York has welcomed refugees escaping conflicts in Afghan and Ukraine, where people speak many different languages.

The data on languages spoken captures some of our region’s linguistic diversity, but not all. Many deaf residents communicate using American Sign Language, which is a language expressed by movements of the hands and face. In Syracuse, Deaf New American Advocacy works to empower and ensure communication access for the many people who are both deaf and new residents of the United States.

Why Does It Matter?

A diverse city benefits all.

Many people who speak non-English languages, such as Vietnamese and Arabic, are concentrated in the city of Syracuse’s Northside, where high populations of immigrants and refugees reside.

Immigrants and refugees add to a region’s diversity, making for a stronger and more vibrant community. Research shows that cities with more immigrants are more innovative and benefit from their entrepreneurship. Diversity in food and culture attracts younger populations, creates growth and presents economic opportunities benefitting a city and its residents.

According to New American Economy, foreign born residents contribute significantly to the local tax base in the Syracuse’s metropolitan statistical area. Their most recent data show that in 2019 it was estimated that immigrants comprised 6% of the population in Onondaga, Oswego, and Madison Counties and had an estimated spending power of nearly $783 million. The Central New York region also has thousands of immigrants paying taxes and contributing to the economy.

Syracuse has seen a dramatic decline in population since the 1950s. Immigrants and refugees helped reverse that downward trend by increasing the city’s population by almost two percent between 2000 and 2014. Immigrants and refugees in Upstate New York have also increased the value of real estate by fixing homes and starting successful businesses.

A diverse city benefits all.

A Local Story

Partners in Learning

When Theresa Pagano visited the National Louis University Latino Outreach Program in Chicago, Illinois, she witnessed the impact it had on the literacy development of Latina women and their children. The program provides tutoring, mentoring and academic and career advising to help members of the Latino community reach their fullest potential. It was that trip that inspired Pagano to bring the programming back to Central New York.

Upon her return, Pagano was concerned to learn that less than ten Latino children were involved in early childhood education in the community and that, due to language and socio-economic barriers, many of local Latino families lacked an awareness and understanding of the importance of early childhood development. It wasn’t long before she established Partners in Learning – a small group, but one passionate in its desire to change the statistics in the community.

Ever since its inception, Partners in Learning has assisted children and adults in their literacy journey. One of its early programs, MANOS Dual Language Early Childhood & Intergenerational Learning Program (MANOS), is designed to provide Latino youth under the age of five and their caregivers with new and impactful educational experiences based upon activity-driven learning. The program is currently offered at Delaware Elementary and Seymour Dual Language Academy.

Volunteers, parents, caregivers and teachers collaborate to sustain a comprehensive and culturally responsive learning environment, and to nurture a sense of confidence in participants. Pagano was pleased to bring educational resources to the Latino community to help them overcome language barriers through their engagement in the program. In 2021, MANOS served over 60 children, ages 3-4, and over 90 caregivers and parents. In addition, home-based learning programs supported 16 children, and 28 caregivers, respectively.

In addition to its MANOS program, Partners in Learning broadened its impact in the Latino community in 1992 by establishing the West Side Adult Learning Center in partnership with the Syracuse City School District. The Center’s focus on adult learning principles makes it a vital part of the community serving more than 700 learners in their efforts to be productive workers, entrepreneurs, consumers, and engaged citizens.

The Center provides a number of programming opportunities to help adults find and succeed with maintaining long-term employment. The Vocational Employment Skills for Emergent Bilinguals Program (VESEB) provides job readiness training including assistance with translating foreign credentials, résumé and cover letter development and interview preparation. Participants gain lifelong skills and support to help secure jobs and navigate community resources.

More specifically, the organization’s Diversity in Early Education & Care (DEEC) Initiative provides specialized services and training for adults that are interested in pursuing a career in childcare. Participants have hands on training opportunities and receive assistance with securing necessary training and credentials to start a licensed Family Day Care or become a NYS Certified Teaching Assistant. In 2021, both VESEB and DEEC assisted over 50 participants.

Due to its hard work and tenacity, Partners in Learning continues to break down barriers, and provide accessible bilingual education. As stated in its mission, “Together, we all strive to learn, earn and live well in Syracuse and Onondaga County.”

Due to its hard work and tenacity, Partners in Learning continues to break down barriers, and provide accessible bilingual education. As stated in its mission, “Together, we all strive to learn, earn and live well in Syracuse and Onondaga County.”

What You Can Do

Give input and get involved.

Whether you’re an experienced volunteer, an activist, a student, working professional, or a stay-at-home parent, there are roles both big and small that you can play to shape the future of the region.

See Additional Opportunities View All
Volunteer
Teach sign language with WHOLEME Learn More »
Donate
Fund multicultural interpreter services through MAMI Learn More »
Take Action
Join a community action group Learn More »
Civic Engagement
Join a board Learn More »

English Proficiency

English Proficiency Ratios - Onondaga County

English Proficiency Ratios - Madison County

English Proficiency Ratios - Oswego County

English Proficiency Ratios - Cayuga County

English Proficiency Ratios - Cortland County

English Proficiency Ratios - Syracuse

English Proficiency Ratios - Oneida

English Proficiency Ratios - Oswego City

English Proficiency Ratios - Auburn

English Proficiency Ratios - Cortland City

Let's Break It Down

High numbers of people with limited English proficiency are concentrated in Syracuse

High numbers of people with limited English proficiency are concentrated in Syracuse

English language proficiency is measured among people who speak a language other than English at home. People who report speaking English less than “very well” are considered to have lower English language proficiency than those who report speaking English “very well.”

In Central New York, Syracuse has the largest percentage of people who speak a language other than English at home, due in part to its large immigrant and refugee population. More than 70 languages are spoken in the Syracuse City School District, reflecting the diversity of the community.

In Syracuse in 2022, Korean speakers are the most limited in English proficiency – with about 72 percent speaking English less than very well. Across the region, Central New Yorkers who speak Vietnamese, Chinese, Korean, and other Asian and Pacific Island languages tend to have low English proficiency ratios than those who speak French, German, and other Indo-European languages. However, English proficiency levels vary from county to county.

Why Does It Matter?

Limited English proficiency significantly affects daily life.

When a resident of the United States has limited proficiency in the dominant English language, it can present a series of challenges that are significantly impactful on their lives and those around them. This includes the degree and quality of their education, employment, and the ability to obtain a driver’s license, vote, and gain government or public assistance. This can make it difficult to gain access to something as important as healthcare or to something seemingly simple, such as purchasing groceries.

Understanding the number of people in an area who have limited English proficiency can allow services to be better aligned towards the needs of a community. For example, organizations may need to translate their materials into other languages and design their materials for audiences with lower English proficiency. Healthcare, legal, social service, education, and workplace settings may need interpreters to enable people to better access services.

Central New York is fortunate to have numerous programs devoted to helping people for whom English is a new language. For example, the Syracuse-based non-profit Refugee and Immigrant Self-Empowerment (RISE) has an initiative to assist youth and adults with academic and career-related goals.

Limited English proficiency significantly affects daily life.

A Local Story

Finding a (Learning) Place

Inside a bright green classroom tucked cozily on the first floor of the North Side Learning Center, Linda Smith is at home in front of the classroom.

“I love seeing the students when they really—when they really grasp it,” said Smith, program director of The Learning Place (TLP). “I just feel so happy when a student starts speaking and listening more confidently.”

For more than 20 years, TLP has served as an adult education center and community space for language and literacy programming in Central New York. In March 2020, with the help of a grant from the Central New York Community Foundation’s Strategic Partnership Fund, TLP co-located to the North Side Learning Center (NSLC) after selling its facility on the city’s Eastside.

In the last ten years, Syracuse’s Northside neighborhood has become home to many resettled New Americans, with the majority of non-English speakers in Onondaga County calling Northside home.

The Learning Place, founded by the late Phyllis Newland in 1990, aimed to expand the then- typical one-on-one tutoring approach to adult literacy by creating a neighborhood-specific literacy center where people had a place to socialize, gather, and learn together. The move to the city’s Northside continues this tradition, and meets the needs of residents living there.

“The Eastside neighborhood has changed. What used to be an area where residents could walk across the street to TLP, is now filled with high-end housing geared to university students,” said Mark Cass, NSLC’s executive director. “We saw the need on the Northside.”

The NSLC is a family literacy and community resource center rooted in the Northside neighborhood of Syracuse. For a decade, the center has been tailoring youth and adult language and literacy instruction to the needs of the Northside’s large New American population. Its adult programming specializes in early English learning and regularly refers people for services like GED courses.

Now, the co-location offers and expansion of targeted services to the Northside that would have been referred elsewhere while reducing fixed operating costs.

On the back wall of the classroom, Smith proudly displays her Wall of Fame, gold stars with the names of students that passed New York State’s HSE/TASC, formerly known as the GED. Cass said Smith holds students to a high standard and believes in them when they don’t believe in themselves.

“I’m going to figure out what you need and what you want. I’m not going to teach you what you know,” Smith said. “I’m going to find out what you don’t know and we’re going to work on that.”

“I love seeing the students when they really—when they really grasp it,” said Smith, program director of The Learning Place (TLP). “I just feel so happy when a student starts speaking and listening more confidently.”

What You Can Do

Give input and get involved.

Whether you’re an experienced volunteer, an activist, a student, working professional, or a stay-at-home parent, there are roles both big and small that you can play to shape the future of the region.

See Additional Opportunities View All
Volunteer
Organize refugee events for Interfaith Works Learn More »
Donate
Increase adult English proficiency through Literacy CNY Learn More »
Take Action
Join a community action group Learn More »
Civic Engagement
Join a board Learn More »

Our Veterans

Veteran Population - Onondaga County

Veteran Population - Madison County

Veteran Population - Oswego County

Veteran Population - Cayuga County

Veteran Population - Cortland County

Veteran Population - Syracuse

Veteran Population - Oneida

Veteran Population - Oswego City

Veteran Population - Auburn

Veteran Population - Cortland City

Let's Break It Down

Most Veterans in the area served in the Vietnam War.

About one in three Veterans living in Central New York served during the Vietnam War; in 2022 there were nearly 7,600 Vietnam veterans in Onondaga County alone. The second largest number served in peacetime or before World War II (counted as “Other” in the chart above). Across the region the next largest categories of veterans served in the Gulf Wars, and there are smaller populations of veterans from the Korean War and World War II.

Across the nation there are about 17 million living veterans, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. According to a NYS Health Foundation report, New York had the fifth-largest Veteran population across the 50 states. The veteran population in Central New York roughly mirrors the veteran population in the U.S. overall, with Vietnam veterans being the largest group of veterans and smaller numbers of veterans having served in the earlier wars. A large majority of veterans are men.

The U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs reports that the veteran population has been decreasing since 1980 and predicts that by 2040 the Veteran population in America will decline from today’s 18 million to about 12.9 million. The Central New York region has experienced this trend over the past decade. For example, the Veteran population in the region was approximately 58,000 in 2012 and decreased to about 43,000 in 2022.

Why Does It Matter?

For Veterans, the obstacles reentering civilian life are many.

Veterans face many obstacles after completing service and reentering civilian life, including post-traumatic stress, traumatic brain injuries, substance use, depression and thoughts of suicide, according to the National Institute of Health. Evaluating the size and average age of a community’s veteran population can assist with planning for health and mental care needs.

Homelessness is also a major issue among veterans. According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, there were over 35,000 veterans living in homelessness in 2023. The  number of Veterans experiencing sheltered homelessness had been decreasing in the decade prior to 2022, but the number increased by 7 percent in 2023.

Successful reintegration into civilian life requires the availability of post-military employment opportunities, homelessness prevention services and quality mental and physical healthcare. Americans’ pride in our armed forces is entrenched in our culture; with the right data and resources, we can ensure that we are providing our veterans with the services they need.

For Veterans, the obstacles reentering civilian life are many.

A Local Story

Honoring Their Service

In 2009, Randy Flath traveled as a guardian with his father on a mission with Honor Flight Rochester. As one of the many hubs of the national Honor Flight Network, the organization works to help every willing and able war veteran obtain a flight or bus trip to visit the National WWII Memorial in Washington, D.C. The trips are completely free of charge and funded by donations and gifts.

While there, Flath observed the smiles and gratitude of the veterans at the memorial and throughout the trip. After seeing how much this experience meant to his father and the other veterans on the mission, he was determined to bring a similar experience to the veterans of Central New York.

Flath is now the President and co-founder of Honor Flight Syracuse. As president, he leads the board to coordinate missions and ensure the growth and stability of its programming.

“Due to the advancing age and fixed income of World War II veterans, many are unable to visit the memorial that was built and designed in their honor,” he said. “The experience provides veterans with a chance to go to the memorial where they are honored.”

During the missions, each veteran is accompanied by a volunteer guardian to ensure a safe and comfortable experience. When arriving back at the airport after each mission, they are greeted with a warm welcome of bagpipers, friends and neighbors who gather there to mark the final leg of their journey with a show of gratitude.

“We not only want to give veterans the chance to see the meaningful memorial, but to remind them that their service and sacrifices for our country are still appreciated every day,” said Flath. “Veterans have reported that it is truly an immeasurable experience.”

Although for some a mission can be a solemn trip of difficult memories, they are able to experience it together with their comrades from their days of service, family members and caring volunteers by their side. Families of veterans have reported that the tours have stirred memories that the veterans shared with their loved ones for the first time ever and ultimately brought family members closer together to record history for future generations.

Since inception in May of 2012, the Syracuse hub has completed ten missions, carrying more than 600 veterans ranging in age from 86-101 years old.

“We not only want to give veterans the chance to see the meaningful memorial, but to remind them that their service and sacrifices for our country are still appreciated every day,” said Flath. “Veterans have reported that it is truly an immeasurable experience.”

What You Can Do

Give input and get involved.

Whether you’re an experienced volunteer, an activist, a student, working professional, or a stay-at-home parent, there are roles both big and small that you can play to shape the future of the region.

See Additional Opportunities View All
Volunteer
Welcome home veterans from Honor Flight missions Learn More »
Donate
Support Clear Path for Veterans Learn More »
Take Action
Join a community action group Learn More »
Civic Engagement
Join a board Learn More »